Weathering – the wearing down of rock material into finer particles
Mechanical Weathering – physical changing of the rock
Frost action – ice freezing , ice expands and breaks the rock, thaws, refills
Abrasion – wearing down of the rock by scouring of smaller materials, sand, pebbles
Wetting and drying – the alternating of expanding
Foliation – the cracking of rocks in long thin sheets over a dome are rock area
Jointing- cracks created by the cooling of rocks that get acted upon by frost action
and break the rock into large chunks
--the climate must be cool to cold (water must freeze) and thaw and wet/humid
Chemical weathering – the rock changes from one composition to another
Oxidation – reacts with oxygen to form clay
Hydrolysis – reacts with water to form clay
Acid – carbonates dissolve, carbonic acid
--climate must be warm and wet – chemicals, enzymes only work when warm, work very slowly when cold
Rates of Weathering
Very hard rocks are resistant to weathering, metamorphic (in general), or those rocks with a silica base, igneos rocks
Very soft rocks are not resistant to weathering, break apart easily, water gets into cracks easily: shale, rocks “glued” together by cement that is reactive to acid
Soils can be classified as:
Parent material – bedrock of the area that is being breaking down
Residual soil – created by weathering and remains in the same place
Transported soils – soils brought in from a different area – parent material is not local, brought in by water motion, glaciers, wind
Soil Profile
Soil Horizons Topsoil – humus- dark made of soil and organic matter
Subsoil – made mostly of clay infiltrated through lighter color
Broken down bedrock/parent material – weathered from rock underneath
Bedrock/Parent material – rock underneath
Mass movement
Creeping –slow, unnoticeable motion down a slope, soil is usually semi-dry
Talus – the pile of rock, rubble at the bottom of a slope
Mudslide-water aids the the “liquidification” of the slope
Landslide
Pg146 Review 1-17; P147 I&A 1, 3; Critical Thinking all
WATER BUDGET
Water cycle – discuss briefly
Evapotranspiration – visual set up with container w/ dirt, water, lit lamp, plant - pour water through the system. Discuss evaporation and transpiration
Define:
Precipitation – water being “added” to the ground system
Ep – the maxiumum amount of water that could evap. W/ extreme climate for the area
Ea – actual amount of water that evap for the month using real weather and temp for that point in time
St – the amount of water in the ground “ground water” rises and lowers according to evaporation and Ep
S – when storage is full and P surpasses Ep, shows itself as surface water and runoff
D – when storage is empty and P is under Ep requirements. Dry conditions
Do 2 exmple of water budgets – step by step for all.
Porosity – amount of water soil or rock can hold, dependent on pore space –
Shape – round has a lot of space between
Flat angular fit tightly together
Sorting – well sorted material has a lot of space, not sorted has little space between
Cement – amount of cement used to glue a rock together
Permeability/ impermeable – rate at water passes through a rock or soil
Increases w/ grain size. The bigger the grains the faster water pours through
Water Table
Zone of saturation
Zone of aeration
Capillary fringe
Discuss regular well
Hillside spring
Aquifer
Artesian well
Geyers, hot springs – briefly discuss Old Faithful, Saratoga Springs
Minerals in the water – show a teapot with built up gunk – discuss how to get rid of built of minerals in appliances and equipment
Caverns – Limestone being dissolved and deposited by running water, carbonic acid Carlsbad Caverns , NM, Howe Caverns, NY show slides.
Pothole, very large potholes are called plunge pools
Undermining
Flood Plain,
Meanders
Oxbows, oxbow lakes
Deltas – fan shaped deposits at the mouth, change is carrying load, distributaries
Alluvial Fans – at a mountain base where debris falls in a fan shape, semiarid regions
Pg 188 Review 1-21
CT 1-4
Flash floods – upriver major thunderstorm occurs and water washes through the drainage area, narrow valley of a young mountain stream
Dams breaking
Preventing floods – natural vegetation encouraged – particularly marsh and swamp areas to remain and left, less concrete, trees, grass
I/A #3, 5 CT 1-4 GLACIERS- a very large (1-2 miles thick) ice block that moves across an area
Alpine glaciers & Valley glaciers – move downhill through 2 mountains/ranges
Continental ice sheet moves across a wide expanse of land
More snow precipitates than evaporates giving build up over time 1-2”/year
As snow accumulates the ice moves kind of like gelatin, very slowly over several years.
Warm based glaciers – have a thin layer of water on the bottom, some volcanoes are actually under the glaciers – causing a river underneath
Cold based glaciers – actually frozen to the bedrock – pull on the rock plucking The middle moves fastest compared to the bottom and the sides. Ice will crack over large drops of steep hill sides due to gravity - crevasses
Snow changes by being partially melted due to friction and pressure and compaction into dense, heavy ice very little air – blue ice
U- shaped valleys
U- shaped valleys
Hanging valleys Cirque valley horns
Erratics- rocks and boulders carried by the ice get rounded and scraped and abraded. They get dropped into the land helter-skelter
Striations – long N/S scratches made by the glacier
Striations – long N/S scratches made by the glacier
Moraines – lateral, medial, terminal
Drumlins, made from unsorted till, run in N/S fields good source of gravel for building