Plate tectonics- motion and formation of crustal plates
Lithosphere- the stiff upper layer of the Earth’s crust, rock like
Continental plate – less dense, thicker, usually made of granite
Oceanic plate – more dense, thinner, usually made of basalt
SEE ESRT CHART – LIST SOME OCEANIC PLATES, LIST SOME
CONTINENTAL PLATES
Asthenosphere- the plastic, gel like layer, partially molten due to Fe, Si and S (lowers the melting point SEE ESRT CHART
Show convection currents – heat rises and cool sinks – MOTION IS SLOW!
PLATE MOTION
PLATE MOTION
Continental Drift – the movement of continents on top of the asthenosphere
Wegner – historical aspect (50yrs of researching)
Mesosaurus (small reptile fossils on both SA and Af)
Rock profiles – matching unique layers and widths
Puzzle pieces – appear to fit together
Diverging Boundaries – plates moving away from each other –
basalt comes up and solidifies creating a ridge ie Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise. Some of our highest mountains are located here (even taller than Mt Everest) all under water
heat flow- hottest areas are found on top of the ridge, rock gets cooler farther away
Converging Boundaries – plates are moving towards each other
Collision boundaries – similar plates (ex continental vs continental) plates hit and make large mountain ranges ie. Himalyan mtns, Ural Mtns
in Europe, Appalachian Mtns on east coast of NAmer
Subduction – one plate more dense (oceanic) and plunges under the less dense (continental plate), creating a deep sea trench and mountain range (volcanic) ie Tonga Trench, Aleutian Trench, Peru-Chili Trench
Sliding Boundaries – plates remain next to each other and slide in opposite directions
Ie. San Andreas fault
Magnetism - at ridges –diverging center
basalt flows up and solidifies quickly. (fine texture rock)
mafic it also contains Fe – w/ magnetic properties (magnetite)
rock aligns w/ Ea’s lodestone N or S
lodestone flips inconsistently (7X over last 3 million yrs)
basaltic rock shows the N/S stripping across the seafloor.
Basalt at the ridge is younger than basalt farther from the ridge
New basalt pushes older basalt across the seafloor
P251 I&A 1-4 and C T 1-5
Review p250
Hot Spots – an extra hot spot from radioactive material continuously bubbles through the aesthenosphere to the surface creatin a volcano
The crust moves due to plate tectonics, the volcano is no longer over the hot spot
A new volcano is created – a chain over millions of years
The youngest on the hot spot, oldest is farthest away
Magma – internal molten rock
Lava – molten rock at the surface
Igneous intrusions: pluton – a mass of rock that cools inside other rocks
Dike – cuts across rock layers - magma is forced into vertical cracks. Usually made of basalt
Sills sheets of igneous rock that cut parallel to the layers they intrude, basalt
EX: Palisades of Hudson River, NY
Batholith, stocks the largest of all igneous intrusions a big dome of igneous rock chamber – granite
Volcanic neck – an extinct volcano erodes from outside in and leaves the vertical chamber due to resistance of the rock to weathering
Pyroclastic – thrown material includes tephra, bombs, cinders
Volcano crater caldera vent
Shield volcano – broad, slightly domed, resemble a warrior’s shield, basalt ex Mauna Loa 1 of 5 shield volcanoes in Hawaii, total height 6 miles both below and above ocean surface, taller than Mt Everest. Being made over 1 million years, Midway Island, Galapagos Islands,
Kilauea on the Island of Hawaii -, erupted over 50x in recorded history
A shield volcano on Mars ( Olympus Mons)
Cinder cone – built from ejected lava fragments, steep slopes, usually small (1000ft) forming near larger volcanoes
Ex: Par’icutin west of Mexico City 1943 started in a cornfield, for 2 weeks tremors, vent in 1 day 4o m came out and hardened by day 5 days 100m high continued for 200yrs 400m (1300ft)
Composite Cones – most occur on Pacific plate boundary (Ring of Fire) Fujiyama, Japan, Cascade Range in NW US, Mt St Helens, Mt Rainer, and Mt Shasta
Large , symmetrical alternating lava flows and pyroclastic material with a major vent, most violet types of volcanoes, eruptions can be unexpected Ex Vesuvius 79AD 20 000 residents buried
Discuss MT ST HELENS AT LENGTH P268 Review
I&A 1,2,3,
CT 1-7
EARTHQUAKES
Elastic rebound theory- the land works like a rubber band – it can stretch but will break at limited points
Focus – actual location of the earthquake , can be shallow, can be deep
Epicenter – location of the earthquake at the surface of the earth – lat &long pt.
P waves – primary
Compressional – move parallel to the surface
Travel fastest, arrive first (like a porche)
Travel through solids and liquids
S waves – secondary
Shear – move perpendicular to the surface
Travel slowest, arrive second (like a SUV)
Only travel through solids
Seismographs/SEISMOGRAMS – discuss design
TEACH A LOCATING EPICENTER SAMPLE
Discuss pg 280 at length
Shadow Zones – refracted waves causes certain areas of the earth to be blanked out of seismic action Shadow Zones – refracted waves causes certain areas of the earth to be blanked out of seismic action – speed and direction changes due to changes in mediums – use running from concrete to sand to water example . Show laser through prism or water to show refraction
DO EARTHQUAKE SUBDUCTION BOUNDARY LAB – GO OVER QUESTIONS, THEY CAN BE CONFUSING
Faults – discuss different kinds of motion
Normal fault –one side drops down with respect to the other side-plates pulling
Reverse fault – one side is driven above the other-plates pushing
Strike slip fault- horizontal movement
Folds – plates pushing together causing an up and down wave and tilting in the rock profile [geosyncline, syncline (down curve), antisyncline (up curve)]
Uplift – layers are moved up much higher than they were formed
Fault block mountains – whole areas faulted and uplifted at same time, steep on one side and sloping on the other
Overturning – the fold is so extensive that the entire profile or part of the profile is actually flipped over – The Regents will always notify of this option