1. NOTES ON MINERALS AND ROCKS Chap 3, 4 & 5
  2.   Atomic number ( # of electrons = # of protons),
  3.   Atomic Mass ( protons+ neutrons)
    1. Minerals
  4. Rock is a group of minerals bound together
    1. Igneous Rocks
      1. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
  5. Mud cracks, ripple marks
    1. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
    2. Rock Cycle

NOTES ON MINERALS AND ROCKS Chap 3, 4 & 5
 
 
Atomic Structure: protons- positive particles in nucleus,
    Electrons – negative moving particles outside of nucleus,
    Neutrons – neutral particles in the nucleus

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   Atomic number ( # of electrons = # of protons),

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   Atomic Mass ( protons+ neutrons)
   Memorize element symbols: H, He, C, N, O, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl,              Ca, Fe, Ni, Zn, U
   All minerals are different due to bonding patterns, strength. Provides
     unique characteristics for all ( streak, luster, hardness, color)
 


Minerals



Minerals
 
 Properties:
 Color most easily observed, least useful in identification
 Luster: overall appearance metallic vs nonmetallic (required) can also be      pearly, vitreous, translucent, waxy, transparent…)
 Crystal Shape: seen only in unbroken crystal, ie halite – cubic, galena-cubic,      quartz- columnar
 Streak: use a ceramic plate – color of powder on rubbed finger
 Cleavage: how crystal splits on a flat plane
 Hardness: Moh’s Hardness Scale memorize
 Acid Tests – tests for minerals and rocks that contain calcium carbonates
 Special Properties:
   Double refraction – calcite – refracts light
   Magnetic – magnetite – attracts magnet due to Fe content
   Radioactive – uranium
   Fluorescent – fluorite, calcite – glows under black light
   Slippery – graphite – waxy feel, great lubricant
   Flammable – sulfur
   Edible/taste – halite
Notes from pgs 53-57 will be done in class as a group/class project.
 
Uniformitarianism – the concept of the present is the key to the past
 

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Rock is a group of minerals bound together
 
 
Igneous rocks all have magma/lava origins
Sedimentary rocks are formed from cementing layers and sediments
Metamorphic Rocks – existing rocks changed due to heat and pressure


Igneous Rocks



Igneous Rocks
Plutonic / intrusive- found inside the Earth, usually large crystals, cooled slowly
Volcanic / extrusive- at or near the surface of the Earth, usually small or invisible      crystals, cooled quickly
 
Magma
 Felsic – light-colored, high in silica, thick and slow moving
 
 Mafic – dark colored, contains Fe,Mg, low silica, thinner and more fluid
 
 Texture - size, shape and arrangements of crystals
   Coarse – large crystals, intergrown,
     -cooled very slowly so minerals can align together in plastic /semi-          molten state.
     -Happens intrusively, plutonic
     example, gabbro, granite  
   Fine – small or invisible crystals
     Cooled quickly, minerals could not align
     - happens at or near the surface, extrusive, volcanic
     ex. Basalt, pumice, rhyolite
 
 


SEDIMENTARY ROCKS



SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 
Clastic – glued or cemented together shale, sandstone, conglomerate
 Rocks weather into smaller pieces and get transported, pieces get rounded
 Deposition occurs, and particles settle together
 Cements flow in from rainwater, ocean water etc – binds the particles together
   high in Silica (SiO2) whitish or clear in color, unreactive to acid
   iron oxide (FeO)  reddish in color
   calcite (CaCO3)  whitish to clear, bubbles in acid
 Deposition, cementation and pressure SEE THE ROCK CYCLE
 
 
Chemical – formed from material coming out of solution in the form of a precipitate ie rock salt, (halite), chemical limestone
 
Organic – formed from the remains of living creatures ie fossilized limestone, reactive to acid due to carbonates present from shells of creatures
 
Stratification – visible layers. Material falls through or out of the water layers on the bottom. As time passes more and more material is put down, which is very heavy over time.
 
Fossils

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Mud cracks, ripple marks
 


METAMORPHIC ROCKS



METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 
2 kinds of metamorphism:
 regional metamorphism – large chunks of land of put under heat and pressure      due to the collision of tectonic plates (mountain building).
 Heat from friction of rocks and pressure of great rock layers overlying and intense
 Constant pressure of plate pushing in. The more pressure, rock grains are squeezed together – more dense, less porous
 Heat and pressure allow the minerals to move somewhat and they move towards each other (like to like) creating or alignment of mineral – layers foliation
 Shale à slate à phyllite à schist
 Granite, shale , conglomerate, à gneiss
 
 Contact metamorphism – the outer boundary of a magma chamber
 Heat is intense, pressure is intense as the pressure in the magma chamber grows
 


Rock Cycle



Rock Cycle
 
 Shows the cycle all rocks can go through. Any rock can turn into another rock.
Pg 82 Review 1-22
I&A 1, 2, 3, 5 see also pg 61 I&A5
 
Either in Lab or Class do Studying Rocks in Thin Sections pg 80-81
 
 

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